The ability to understand differences between one’s own and another’s knowledge is sometimes used to deceive others.
Primatologist Emil Menzel performed an experiment in which he taught the hiding place of bananas to the subordinate of two chimpanzees in an open area. If the subordinate took a banana, the dominant chimpanzee would soon take it from them. In response to this, the subordinate pretended not to know the hiding place of the bananas, and took the banana quickly when the dominant was away. Subsequently, the dominant pretended to leave, and rushed back to take the banana when the subordinate took it from the hiding place.*
In this way, chimpanzees have the ability to understand another’s thoughts, and find a way to benefit themselves.
■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans Richard W. Byrne, Andrew Whiten Clarendon Press (September 14, 1989)
*Juichi Yamagiwa, one of the authors of this work, once observed a mountain gorilla in the wild who found some raspberries—a favorite food. The gorilla quickly walked past the raspberries, only to return later once it was out of sight of its larger companions, so that it could have the raspberries all to itself.
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