It was Charles Darwin who first applied the concept of “society” to nonhuman animals.
After describing the concept of evolution in On the Origin of the Species, he described numerous continuities between humans and other animals in The Descent of Man. Notably, he pointed out that not only relationships between individual organisms and environments, but also “the society” in which individuals interact should be treated as the stage for natural selection, for example through reproductive competition. He also argued that even human societies are products of evolution from the ages of our ancestors.
■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
On the Origin of Species Charles Robert Darwin Signet; Reprint, Anniversary edition (September 2, 2003)
The Descent of Man: And Selection in Relation to Sex Charles Robert Darwin Franklin Classics (October 14, 2018)
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■The References list of “Evolution of Human Sociality”
