How different is the human family from animal groups?

Alfred Espinas, the French philosopher and sociologist, wrote Animal Society, in which he describes a clear difference between the human family and non-human animal groups. According to Espinas, whereas the human family is formed on the basis of “reproduction” and “parental investment in their children,” animals form groups for the “individual benefit” of their members.

■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
Des Sociétés Animales  Alfred Victor Espinas Nabu Press (February 5, 2010)
人間以前の社会』  今西錦司 (岩波新書、1951)
・Des sociétés animales : étude de psychologie comparée / par Alfred Espinas,... | Gallica
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6461077p/f9.highres [Editorial note]


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