Orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees in captivity can use tools by imitating the behavior of their companions. Even in the wild, eating methods and behaviors using tools vary between different habitats.
This is called “embodied cognition”—learning a new method of doing something through the bodies of one’s peers. Human beings can instantly adapt to the movements of others. The primatologist Frans de Waal calls this “identification-based observational learning.”*
■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
The Ape and the Sushi Master Frans de Waal Basic Books; 1 edition (December 27, 2001)
*In some academic fields, such as political science or sociology, the term “identification” refers to a sense of belonging, unity, or attachment to something (the state, society, an organization, values, people, etc.). [Editorial note]
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■The References list of “Evolution of Human Sociality”
