Jun’ichiro Itani proposed a social evolution model based on phylogenetic comparisons of the social structure of primates. He argued that the common ancestors of primates, which date back to about 65 million years ago, were solitary, nocturnal monkeys.

According to Itani, a pair society with a monogamous mating system was derived from those solitary ancestors, and the pair living was then followed by various social structures, including one-male multi-female structures and one-female multi-male structures, and finally, male-dispersal and female-dispersal societies evolved.

■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
『霊長類の社会構造』（生態学講座第20巻）　　伊谷純一郎　（共立出版、1972）
『霊長類社会の進化』　　伊谷純一郎　（平凡社、1987）

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