In hunter-gatherer societies, although each member is an “all-round player” who can perform any task, there is commonly a division of labor between men and women. As they are always on the move, individuals have few personal possessions, and sharing and equal distribution are the norm. It is a “sharing society.”
In the agricultural society, on the other hand, all people participate in the same work irrespective of age and sex. A homogenization of labor occurs, resulting in the emergence of specialists with specific skills and the opportunity to provide tools, skills and knowledge to the whole community. Also, in farming and stockbreeding, the invested effort does not immediately lead directly to profit, and management in accordance with the situation becomes important. As a result, the harvest is owned by the individuals who invested the effort, and allocation in accordance with the value of the resources and the investment made becomes necessary.
■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
「平等主義の進化史的考察」 市川光雄（『ヒトの自然誌』所収 pp.11～34 田中二郎・掛谷誠編 （平凡社、1991））
「ささやかな饗宴——狩猟採集民ブッシュマンの食物分配」 今村薫（『続自然社会の人類学——変貌するアフリカ』所収 pp.51～80 田中二郎・掛谷誠・市川光雄・太田至編 （アカデミア出版会、1996））
「分かちあう世界―アフリカ熱帯森林の狩猟採集民アカの分配」 竹内潔（『暮らしの文化人類学第５巻 カネと人生』所収 pp.24～52 小馬徹編 （雄山閣、2002））
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Related iCards： Human equality theory (Vol 1.) ／ Did food differentiate the societies of gorillas and chimpanzees? (Vol 1.)
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