In species in which females do not demonstrate sexual swelling, female behaviors are a key factor in their successful mating.

In such cases, males cannot accurately recognize the time of female ovulation, and so they try to mate with females even well before or after their ovulation. However, the females do not accept the male attempts to mate when they are not in the ovulatory phase. Consequently, the males’ efforts to engage in such “irrelevant” mating often fail.

■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
『ニホンザル、性の生理』　　和秀雄　（どうぶつ社、1982）
『人間の性はどこから来たのか』　　榎本知郎　（平凡社、1994）
『性の人類学―サルとヒトの接点を求めて』　　高畑由紀夫編著　（世界思想社、1994）

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■The References list of “Evolution of Human Sociality”