Have humans, therefore, maintained a multi-level society since the age of their ancestors?

Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the sexual swelling of chimpanzees and bonobos evolved after their separation from ancestors in common with humans. Studies on primate sexuality imply that pair-living primates rarely show exaggerated ovulatory signals such as sexual swelling, and that many species living in single-male/multi-female groups also do not advertise their ovulation. We believe, therefore, that our human ancestors lived in pair societies or formed single-male/multi-female societies.

■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
『人類進化論——霊長類学からの展開』　第6章　社会的知性とコミュニケーション　　山極寿一　（裳華房　2002）
『家族進化論』　第1章　家族をめぐる謎　　山極寿一　（東京大学出版会、2012）

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