Apes do not share foods voluntarily. In great apes, food sharing occurs only when low-ranked animals beg for food from high-ranked animals, and food is transferred from high-ranked to low-ranked individuals. Moreover, food which is shared with low-ranked animals are the parts low nutritional value. Therefore, food sharing in great apes is considered to be a “passive” behavior.
Humans, on the other hand, actively share food of their own accord. Humans also transport food to share with others, whereas sharing among great apes is observed only where the food is acquired.*
In addition, there is no fixed direction for the active sharing between humans, and we share foods without begging. We also decorate food and tables, and treat meals as important ceremonies.
■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
『森の狩猟民―ムブティ・ピグミーの生活』 市川光雄 （人文書院、1982）
『人類進化再考』 黒田末寿 （以文社、1999）
*The transportation of collected food enables an adjustment of the amount shared with others, which enables the manipulation of social relationships by means of food. This may be considered as the socialization and toolification of food. This may have enabled humans to begin changing the size and composition of their groups based on their own demands rather than due to environmental conditions.
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