Using this primate social evolution model, Itani criticized Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Discourse on Inequality. Itani thought that the origin of equality was much older than Rousseau had proposed. He argued that the primates in solitary and pair-living societies that appeared early in primate evolutionary history were equal (“absolute equality”), and that a priori inequality based on dominance relationships between individuals occurred subsequently as primate societies became larger. Furthermore, “conditional equality”* that suppresses inequality evolved in apes.
■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes Jean-Jacques Rousseau Oxford University Press; 1 edition (July 26, 2009)
「人間平等起源論」 伊谷純一郎(『自然社会の人類学:アフリカに生きる』所収[349~389ページ] (アカデミア出版会、1986))
『霊長類の社会構造』(生態学講座第20巻) 伊谷純一郎 (共立出版、1972)
『人類進化論——霊長類学からの展開』 第6章・第2節 不平等社会と平等社会 山極寿一 (裳華房、2008)
*Conditional equality: the establishment of relationships which render a dominance-subordinate structure invisible by means of interactions such as social play and food sharing.
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