Environment affects inter-group relationships, which in turn determines male behavior

To summarize the discussion so far:

On Yakushima, where nutritious food for Japanese macaques is abundant, macaque groups compete more intensely than those on Kinkazan, where the resources are scarce and less nutritious. Therefore, the benefit of accepting the immigration of solitary males is higher for Yakushima macaques. The intensive competition between groups may have led to the high proportion of males in the groups and the takeover of groups by immigrant solitary males.

■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
ニホンザルの自然社会―エコミュージアムとしての屋久島』 高畑由起夫・山極寿一編 (京都大学学術出版会、2000)
「日本の霊長類——ニホンザル研究の歴史と展望」  山極寿一 (『日本の哺乳類学2.中大型哺乳類・霊長類』所収 pp. 2949.  高槻成紀・山極寿一編 (東京大学出版会、2008))
サルと歩いた屋久島』  山極寿一 (山と渓谷社、2006)


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