Strict dominance/subordinate relationships supported by staring as a threat

Some species of old world monkeys, including Japanese macaques, have a strict intra-group ranking relationship which is termed “despotic.”

For such species, staring at another’s eyes indicates a “mild threat.” When a dominant individual stares at the eyes of a subordinate individual, the subordinate must turn its gaze away. If it looks back into the dominant’s eyes, it will be attacked, and third-parties will join in the attack on the subordinate.

■References (Books, papers, Web articles, etc.)
How Humans Evolved (Eighth Edition)  Robert Boyd, Joan B. Silk W. W. Norton & Company; Eighth edition (December 1, 2017)
ニホンザルの生態』  河合雅雄 (河出書房、1964)
サル学再考』  水原洋城 (群羊社、1986)
高崎山のサル』  伊谷純一郎 (講談社学術文庫、2010)


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The References list of “Evolution of Human Sociality”